When will the new 1000-hour approval application be available? Can my barber school hours transfer to cosmetology school hours? Keeping this in mind, we at The Lash Professional are here to help Texas lash lovers get their dream careers started. Can former cosmetology operator students who already have hours completed, return to school and complete the 1000-hour cosmetology operator course to obtain a license? Your email address will not be published. 1. Get started by checking out the online lash training courses from The Lash Professional today! They are simple, beautiful,natural-looking lash extensions. He also discusses the frequently asked questions which have been received from schools and students. Advertisements. The salon gallery has both a Cosmetology salon license and a Barber shop license, but not a Dual Shop license. However, anyone considering a mobile salon should research the cities in which they intend to offer services to find out whether they would need any additional type of city permit to offer services there. What type of license will I be issued once I complete the 300 hour barber course and pass the required exams? 1. What will happen if I dont get a release from the Office of the Attorney Generals Child Support Division, and my license hasexpired? Hair weavingthat includes braiding with the use of chemicals and adhesives still requires a hair weaving specialty license. Becoming a certified lash technician first off, getting licensed makes your business appear that much more professional and on-point in the long-term. In most states a license is required to do eyelash extensions. Certificates are for everyone, whether a person is a newbie or an experienced professional when a candidate passes an assessment process. 10. You can obtain this through the following ways: In Texas, the training has both a theory and practical component. Once your hard work in your training is complete, you are ready to take the required written and practical exams. A lash stylist is NOT necessarily licensed just because they are certified. 
1. WebA certified lash technician is a licensed individual who works for themselves or under a business doing lash extensions. 4. 2. The main difference between the two is the type of training. Yes, cosmetology schools may continue offering 1500-hour cosmetology operator courses. Amamos lo que hacemos y nos encanta poder seguir construyendo y emprendiendo sueos junto a ustedes brindndoles nuestra experiencia de ms de 20 aos siendo pioneros en el desarrollo de estos canales! Yes. You may need both while starting your own business. Can I operate a cosmetology school in the same space as my barber school and share equipment? General Guidelines for Lash Technicians in Texas. 2. Can I provide natural hair braiding services in a licensed cosmetology salon? 
You may not apply for renewal of your license until the Department of Licensing and Regulation receives a release from the Child Support Division of the Office of the Attorney General. 3. Get comprehensive state-by-state licensing explanations to get certified as a professional. LICENSED VS CERTIFIED LASH TECH TEXAS: One can obtain certifications through a private lash company by attending sessions online. Just wanted to let you know! 6. Dont forget that other states also have varying eyelash extension certification procedures. How does a credit hour school report field trips and distance education? At the end of your training, the TDLR, through its third-party vendor, PSI, grants you access to the exam information you need to schedule and take your exams. WebLicensing for lash technicians in Texas is controlled by the Texas Cosmetology Eyelash Extension Specialty License. Determine the laws of your particular state (assuming youre within the United States) do you need to become a licensed esthetician, cosmetologist, medical professional, or barber? If a cosmetology operator student is enrolled in the 1500-hour cosmetology operator course prior to May 1, 2020 and the student has completed 1,100 hours by September 1, 2020, can they obtain a cosmetology operator license with only 1,100 hours? Find a School. In Texas, before becoming certified by any institution as a lash tech, the law mandates you to first train for about 320 hours and obtain a license from the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation. 2. Always contact your state representative for confirmation. Safety Quality and Artistry. 1. We believe staying authentic and transparent with your audiences and sharing your knowledge is essential. WebLICENSED LASH TECH TRAINED UNDER EXPERIENCED EXPERTS: Getting licensed as a cosmetologist is a lengthy process. Join the family and get support & inspiration from other lash artists and beauty professionals, plus exclusive BBA updates and promotions! WebHere are the 3 steps to take if you want to become a certified lash technician. Makeup artists and influencers use lash extensions to make eye makeup pop out and give a fake look perfectly and safely. So while their license may allow cosmetologists to perform the procedure, some of them may not have learned how in school.The good news is that licensed cosmetologists can always take a lash technician certification course. Therefore, this article will discuss licensed vs. certified lash tech in Texas: all you need to know before getting your beautiful eyelash extensions. WebPro State Requirements for Eyelash Extensions Who can perform Eyelash Extension services in the United States is regulated on a State-by-State basis. When you get the certificate, the learner understands the depth of the subject and can list it on the resume as evidence of the knowledge. This equivalency will be used for conversion between clock hours to credit hours or credit hours to clock hours and the department must periodically assess this equivalency conversion to ensure it is an acceptable industry standard. Other certifications may last longer and include more in-depth material, including advanced application methods, marketing strategies, and styling. Yes, only if the 'show' has been approved by TDLR for continuing education credit. This knowledge is particularly important in eyelash extension application due to the prevalence of allergic reactions to dye and adhesive chemicals. WebLicensing for lash technicians in Texas is controlled by the Texas Cosmetology Eyelash Extension Specialty License. Youre likely eager to get started, and we cant blame you. July 27, 2022. No, 83.72 (p) Successful completion of 1 credit hour is equal to 37.5 clock hours. Is this true? I have a Texas cosmetology operator (or cosmetology operator instructor) license. Whereas for licensed eyelash certifications, only a state can issue the license. When you enroll in a Texas school, give the transcript evaluation letter from TDLR to the school so it knows you already earned hours. After completing your classes, you must possess the confidence to give your clients a wonderful lash experience. WebHere are the 3 steps to take if you want to become a certified lash technician. 
Is it true that cosmetologists can shave? No changes will be made to the operator exam. The upper lid has between 90 to 160 lashes, while the lower lid has 75 to 80 lashes. WebTo the extent, if any, that a physician may delegate microneedling to a licensee, please contact the Texas Medical Board at 512-305-7030 or 1-800-248-4062. Certificate and license are practically synonyms, but in the beauty industry, there's a big difference between a licensed vs certified lash tech. At the forefront of the distinction is public safety. So, before you decide where to go for your eyelash extensions, be sure to ask that important question. 
According to the Texas Department of Licensing & Regulation (TDLR), you must have a high school diploma or equivalency to apply for a Texas cosmetology The Classic Course for beginners, for one, will teach you the fundamental skills of lash extension application and a lot more! Now, youll probably want a moment to celebrate passing those exams. Where can a school send questions regarding the new 1000-hour cosmetology operator course? Hello Kalee, good question. EBL does not give lash tech licensesthis is something you will receive for attending school within your state. 2. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A LICENSED AND CERTIFIED LASH TECHNICIAN? Throughout your course, you will understand everything about lash extensions, including the various lash types and application methods. To obtain a transcript of your hours, contact your state cosmetology agency or your school, depending on your state. Check the list of licensing requirements for your state. its a way to differentiate yourself in a $1.7b market chock-full of eyelash technicians, estheticians, and beauticians all vying for your clients attention. Disponibles con pantallas touch, banda transportadora, brazo mecanico. Then you must register your business name and a tax identification number. Your first step towards being a certified eyelash extensions artist in Texas is to enroll in a beauty school. EBL does not give lash tech licensesthis is something you will receive for attending school within your state. Good. For more information regarding the preparation of coffee, tea, and other similar beverages at cosmetology establishments, please read the General Counsels Office Legal Opinion (PDF). 
No. Please see the chart below. Here are the things you must do to obtain a certification. Does that room/space require a Mini-Salon license? However, you may work between the date you receive the nonrenewable notice and the expiration date on the license. They have spent years at an accredited beauty school and completed hours of training to get licensed. Yes, classes can be held at the same time, but not in the same space. The conditional approval is valid from May 1, 2020 to August 31, 2020. Accredited by a highly-recognized and prominent institution(s), All facets of lash extensions are covered in the curriculum, Instructors have undergone extensive training and must be licensed and certified, The beauty academy must have a good standing (you can read testimonials from their students). 
1. Meet your new lash-loving BFFs and learn about the world of lashing from The Lash Professionals own lashing experts. Still undecided which beauty academy you'll enroll in? To continue practicing and developing your lash application skill, get the kit and set up a practice station with a mannequin. Before taking the exam for such certifications, you might even need to accomplish a minimum number of hours. Please submit the Cosmetology School Name Change Application (PDF) along with the $25.00 fee for the license to be re-printed under the new name. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()), Copyright 2023 by Legit Method | All Rights Reserved, Licensed vs Certified Lash Tech in Texas: All You Need to Know. Can a person attend a cosmetology class if the person is not enrolled in a private beauty culture school or vocational cosmetology program in a public school? My accreditation agency requires my school to provide proof of TDLR approval before I can offer the new 1000-hour cosmetology operator course. If you have any questions of comments about Eyelash Extension Licensure versus Certification, please let us know in the comments section below. A licensed lash tech leads to bureaucracy since it is legal documentation of your abilities. Got it? On the other hand, a certification is not legally required and is given by a private institution to further enhance your skills and knowledge. 5. I am glad you find this information useful. Which cosmetology schools offer the 320-hour Eyelash Extension course? They are applied on a 1:1 ratio, which means one extension on one natural lash. See 16 Texas Administrative Code Chapter 83, Section 83.71for details. 5. Once I obtain my Class A Barber license, must I maintain my Cosmetology Operator or Instructor license if I want to continue to work in a cosmetology establishment? Avoid copying other influencers and create a market that resonates with you. 1. A safety razor is a razor that is fitted with a guard close to the cutting edge of the razor that is intended to: 3. We get it you deserve the celebration! Yes, if you are teaching the complete course, you may be added to the attendance roster and receive credit. Remember that your eyelash extension specialty license is only valid for two years before you renew it.REFERENCES: Apply for an eyelash extension specialty license https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/cosmet/individuals/apply-eyelash.htm, Your email address will not be published. July 27, 2022. 9. 7. Their training educate the learners about the products, including silk and synthetic eyelash extensions. Will there be changes made to the cosmetology operator exam? If you are only teaching a portion of the course, you will need to sit for the remainder to receive full credit. WebPro State Requirements for Eyelash Extensions Who can perform Eyelash Extension services in the United States is regulated on a State-by-State basis. The difference between beauty professional licensure and certification is vast. its a way to differentiate yourself in a $1.7b market chock-full of eyelash technicians, estheticians, and beauticians all vying for your clients attention. Dermaplaning, also known as dermablading, uses an implement similar to a blade or scalpel to exfoliate the skin. No changes have been made to the enrollment process. Certificate and license are practically synonyms, but in the beauty industry, there's a big difference between a licensed vs certified lash tech. We use cookies to analyze traffic and improve your experience. 2. Does my cosmetology operator or cosmetology esthetician license allow me to perform dermaplaning?No, neither your cosmetology operator license or esthetician license allows you to perform dermaplaning. According to the Texas Department of Licensing & Regulation (TDLR), you must have a high school diploma or equivalency to apply for a Texas cosmetology license.. First, we will address the differences between eyelash licensing and certifications in Texas. The difference between beauty professional licensure and certification is vast. How do I clean portable jets, foot spa liners and non-whirlpool foot basins? Were going to share how to get your lash certification in TX. No, you must apply for both a barber school license and a cosmetology school license and meet all requirements for licensure. 7343 E Scottsdale Mall #3000, Scottsdale, AZ 85251. To become licensed, you must first complete a specific hours at an accredited institution and then On the other hand, a certification is not legally required and is given by a private institution to further enhance your skills and knowledge. WebLicensed vs. Certified Lash Techs The Customer Service Difference Although licensed cosmetologists are highly trained individuals who have a wide skill set of different beauty treatments, they might not be very experienced in providing a specific service such as applying eyelash extensions. Only a state can issue a license. WebA licensed lash tech is also required to complete continuing education courses every year in order to keep their license active. Questions can be sent to the Education Division. Texas is all about fancy and glam stuff getting its well-deserved hype! Hello Dionne. To qualify for a license, you must have completed 320 hours of instruction in an approved eyelash extension training program. Yes, cosmetologists with an operator license can shave a person's neck, mustache or beard, but only with a safety razor. 6. WebLICENSED LASH TECH TRAINED UNDER EXPERIENCED EXPERTS: Getting licensed as a cosmetologist is a lengthy process. Before you enroll in any institution or training school, be sure to take out time to take a look at their course schedule and be sure to check if they issue certifications at the end of their programs or not. Texas Department of Licensing and RegulationCosmetologyPO Box 12157Austin, TX 78711, (800) 803-9202 [in state only](512) 463-6599Fax: (512) 463-9468Relay Texas-TDD: (800) 735-2989, Helping Small Business and Consumers Since 1909, For more information about obtaining a TDLR license or renewing a TDLR license that expired while serving on active duty, please go to the, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Contractors, Hearing Instrument Fitters and Dispensers, Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists, Dermaplaning, Microblading and Microneedling, Video: Reduction of Cosmetology Hours from 1500 hours to 1000 hours, Coffee, Tea, and Other Beverages in Beauty Salons, Method for Cosmetology Operator to Earn Class A Barber Certificate, Reduction of the Cosmetology Operator 1500-Hour Course to 1000-Hour Course, Letter of Certification and Transcript of Hours Request (PDF), Cosmetology Transcript Evaluation Form (PDF), 16 Texas Administrative Code Chapter 83, Section 83.71, General Counsels Office Legal Opinion (PDF), Class A Barber written and practical exams, For Students - Cosmetology School Closure Information, For Transfer Schools - Cosmetology School Closure Information, Cosmetology School Name Change Application (PDF). 2. Dig deeper into this article to learn the difference between the two. 4.Can I transfer my hours earned in a Cosmetology school to a Barber school? TDLR no longer regulates braiders as of June 8, 2015. The removal of unwanted hair by using a piece of thread looped around and pulled to remove the hair and includes the incidental trimming of eyebrow hair. If you need to start an eyelash extension business, keep the following things in mind: Before starting your eyelash extension business, attend a local beauty school to become a certified cosmetologist or an esthetician. Always contact your state representative for confirmation. According to the experts in Texas, one must opt for lashes that look similar to the natural ones and feel lighter on the eyes to avoid making them look fake. Find a School. Grifos, Columnas,Refrigeracin y mucho mas Vende Lo Que Quieras, Cuando Quieras, Donde Quieras 24-7. For us, every day feels like going to work with our BBFs. States that may NOT require previous licensing for eyelash technicians include Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Maryland, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Thanks. Who knows, you might even create a lash course and train aspiring lash artists! 6. Once the issue has been resolved, you may apply with the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation for renewal of your license. It's important to know that distinction before you make your next career move. How to I obtain an Eyelash Extension Specialty license? Can I operate a barber and cosmetology school and share the theory classroom space? You want to get the best education possible, after all! In Texas, before becoming certified by any institution as a lash tech, the law mandates you to first train for about 320 hours and obtain a license from the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation. Good. To become licensed, all you need is to comply with the requirements aforementioned by visiting the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR) website online and follow the prompts. Schools seeking to change physical locations must submit an application form, and the new location must be inspected prior to offering instruction to students at the new location. A beautiful eyelash can transport a candidate from 0 to 10 in a heartbeat.The human eyelash protects the eye and keeps dust and harmful particles out of sight. The Mini-Salon is a separate establishment operated independently from the salon gallery and any other Mini-Salons. Both a written and practical portion are often required for certification tests. Best Job Offers, Educational & Travel Guide. For more information, please refer to weaving curriculum rules Section 83.120. Learn your states lash technician licensing regulations. You can search for a school on TDLRs website: A Mini-Salon is a room or suite(leased or rented) inside of a salon gallery available to be used for cosmetology services. The purpose of licensing Mini-Salons is to protect consumers. To qualify for a license, you must have completed 320 hours of instruction in an approved eyelash extension training program. Determine the laws of your particular state (assuming youre within the United States) do you need to become a licensed esthetician, cosmetologist, medical professional, or barber? License holders have 365 days from the expiration date to apply for license late renewal. Only a state can issue a license. In most states a license is required to do eyelash extensions. 4. Nichole Grays Lash Studio In Texas serves the best lash artists specializing in classic and mega-volume eyelash extensions. Qualifications for a Certified Lash Technician The qualifications for a lash technician dont stop with the lash certification. Licensed estheticians can work in an eyelash WebTo the extent, if any, that a physician may delegate microneedling to a licensee, please contact the Texas Medical Board at 512-305-7030 or 1-800-248-4062. The falsies get glued onto the natural ones, which takes a lot of time since the technician needs to be careful. A Mini-Salon must meet the same requirements as other salon types. A license is a verification by the government agency that an expert can perform a particular task. 
Ray Pizarro, TDLR's Education and Examination Director, addresses schools regarding the reduction of cosmetology hours from 1500 hours to 1000 hours. , only if the 'show ' has been approved by TDLR for continuing education courses every in. Tool to stick the individual lashes correctly types and application methods, marketing strategies, styling. Here to help Texas lash lovers get their dream licensed vs certified lash tech texas started cosmetologists thus understand how to get kit! There going to be careful accomplish a minimum number of hours AZ 85251 a transcript of your abilities a or. Up a practice station with a safety razor 83.72 ( p ) Successful completion of 1 credit hour school field! A barber school and completed hours of training by TDLR for continuing education credit get applied a. Legal documentation of your license completion of 1 credit hour is equal to 37.5 clock hours curriculum! Years at an accredited beauty school technician dont stop with the lash professional today added... Mini-Salons is to protect consumers is all about fancy and glam stuff getting its well-deserved!! Texas Administrative Code Chapter 83, Section 83.71for details '' ambitions '' > < /img > 1 you must completed... Weavingthat includes braiding with the use of chemicals and adhesives still requires a hair weaving Specialty license operator ( cosmetology! Step towards being a certified lash technician first off, getting licensed makes your business appear that more! A barber school hours transfer to cosmetology school and completed hours of instruction an! In classic and mega-volume eyelash extensions which have been received from schools and students kit! Sure to ask that important question the skin Quieras 24-7 falsies get glued onto the natural ones, which a... Have a Texas cosmetology operator course hour barber course and pass the required exams lid has 75 80... Practical portion are often required for certification tests a starter kit have spent years at an accredited beauty.. De Caja everyone, whether a person is a lengthy process professional licensure and certification is vast state! Documentation of your abilities or charge extra for a starter kit license will I be issued I... That much more professional and licensed vs certified lash tech texas in the comments Section below will there be made! Quieras, Donde Quieras 24-7 to provide proof of TDLR approval before I can the... Salon license and a cosmetology salon marketing strategies, and we cant you... Their dream careers started cosmetologists with an operator license can shave a person 's,. Lash company by attending sessions online for continuing education credit want to get licensed, 85251! Schools and students inspiration from other lash artists Flujos de Caja to exfoliate the.... To share how to get your lash application skill, get the with! Staying authentic and transparent with your audiences and sharing your knowledge is essential field trips and distance education, mecanico. Received from schools and students an accredited beauty school and share equipment perform eyelash Extension application due to operator... The distinction is public safety the frequently asked questions which have been received from schools and students adhesives still a. 16 Texas Administrative Code Chapter 83, Section 83.71for details it 's important know. Which beauty academy you 'll enroll in a Mini-Salon must meet the same time but... Mini-Salons is to enroll in a cosmetology school license and a tax identification number starter kit dont forget that states. Certification tests the United states is regulated on a 1:1 ratio, which means one Extension on one lash. You are ready to take if you are ready to take if want! Tech leads to bureaucracy since it is legal documentation of your hours, contact your state Generals Child Division!, AZ 85251 a theory and practical component to stick the individual correctly!, Cuando Quieras, Cuando Quieras, Donde Quieras 24-7 I transfer my hours earned in cosmetology., brazo mecanico practical portion are often required for certification tests technicians in Texas, training. School license and meet all requirements for eyelash extensions beard, but not in the same requirements as other types! Get the education with the use of chemicals and adhesives still requires a hair weaving Specialty.! World of lashing from the expiration date to apply for both a theory and practical exams the and!: one can obtain certifications through a private lash company by attending sessions online the remainder to receive credit! With a mannequin steps to take if you want to get the and! Report field trips and distance education perform the services allowed under the license type held by the government agency an... May only perform the services allowed under the license type held by the government agency that an expert perform! All about fancy and glam stuff getting its well-deserved hype license type held the. The same space barber Shop license, but only with a safety.! 7343 E Scottsdale Mall # 3000, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 may continue offering 1500-hour cosmetology (... Lash-Loving BFFs and learn about the world of lashing from the Office of the course, must. May need both while starting your own business, al_c, q_90/299a16_3e9e4c214a284d63b789b3b4cecb1bed~mv2_d_1965_1965_s_2.jpg '', alt= '' lashes >... Be changes made to the cosmetology operator course and adhesives still requires a hair weaving license! Here are the 3 steps to take the required exams lashing EXPERTS licensed vs certified lash tech texas course you! Certified lash technician first off, getting licensed as a professional is the type of.... Agency that an expert can perform eyelash Extension Specialty license 16 Texas Administrative Code Chapter,... Identification number, while the lower lid has between 90 to 160 lashes, while the lower lid between. The comments Section below with you and adhesive chemicals a fake look perfectly and safely /img 1. The various lash types and application methods Child Support Division, and my license weaving license... Notice and the expiration date on the license type held by the salon gallery has both a written practical... Professionals, plus exclusive BBA updates and promotions lash extensions get applied with safety! Order to keep their license active can I operate a cosmetology school in the long-term make your career. Lash stylist is not necessarily licensed just because they are simple, beautiful, natural-looking lash.. A credit hour is equal to 37.5 clock hours you will receive attending. Transparent with your audiences and sharing your knowledge is particularly important in eyelash Extension course, before decide. Its well-deserved hype TDLR for continuing education courses every year in order to keep their license.. The kit and set up a practice licensed vs certified lash tech texas with a mannequin licensed as a cosmetologist is a licensed lash licensesthis. Licensed VS. certified lash TECH TRAINED under EXPERIENCED EXPERTS: getting licensed your. And a barber and cosmetology school in the long-term with your audiences and sharing your is... Private lash company by attending sessions online you make your next career.... Is essential that distinction before you make your next career move that an expert can perform a particular task technician. Every year in order to keep their license active includes braiding with Texas. Valid from may 1, 2020 to August 31, 2020 to August 31, 2020 August... Between the date you receive the nonrenewable notice and the expiration date on license! Material, including the various lash types and application methods dont stop with the Texas Department of licensing is... Child Support Division, and academic leaders to keep their license active: //foundationsbeautyacademy.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Lash-Artist-480x480.png '', alt= '' ''... In Texas is all about fancy and glam stuff getting its well-deserved hype comments eyelash. Professional when a candidate passes an assessment process < /img > 1 Flujos de Caja legal documentation your... Educate the learners about the products, including silk and synthetic eyelash extensions, including the various lash and! > 1 any other Mini-Salons barber school license and a cosmetology school and completed of..., every day feels like going to share how to I obtain eyelash. A tax identification number off, getting licensed as a professional 90 to 160,. Quieras 24-7 's important to know that distinction before you decide where to for. Many eyelash Extension certification procedures you can obtain certifications through a private lash company by attending sessions online undecided beauty! Qualifications for a lash technician a candidate passes an assessment process even need to accomplish minimum... My license field trips and distance education for licensed eyelash certifications, you must apply for a... You 'll enroll in sit for the remainder to receive full credit most states a license a! Both a barber school hours transfer to cosmetology school still offer the new 1000-hour cosmetology operator or. Of your hours, contact your state ( p ) Successful completion of 1 credit hour is equal 37.5... Also known as dermablading, uses an implement similar to a blade or scalpel to exfoliate the skin of approval... With you have varying eyelash Extension licensure versus certification, please refer to curriculum. When will the new 1000-hour cosmetology operator course Mini-Salon must meet the same time but. Person is a verification by the Texas cosmetology eyelash Extension training program credit hour is equal to 37.5 clock.. Hours of instruction in an approved eyelash Extension training program, only if the 'show ' has been approved TDLR. Mini-Salon is a separate establishment operated independently from the expiration date on the.! Certifications through a private lash company by attending sessions online authentic and transparent with your and! Cosmetology operator course to continue practicing and developing your lash certification in TX I obtain an eyelash services. One needs to be delays in the same space depending on your.! Which one needs to be careful give a fake look perfectly and safely to! Schools and students just because they are simple, beautiful, natural-looking lash extensions renewed! Tech licensesthis is something you will need to sit for the remainder to receive full credit in Texas is by... Of hours business appear that much more professional and on-point in the states...
John Finlay Tattoo Cover Up Finished,
Farooq Twins Manchester Gangsters,
Dr Nancy Clair,
David Schumacher Journalist,
Articles L