Sci. Peng, X., Zhang, T., Frauenfeld, O. W., Wang, K., Luo, D., Cao, B., Su, H., https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004018, 2017. a, Cao, B., Quan, X., Brown, N., Stewart-Jones, E., and Gruber, S.: GlobSim (v1.0): deriving meteorological time series for point locations from multiple global reanalyses, Geosci. where SDcr, the minimum snow depth that ensures complete coverage of the grid box, is set as 0.1 m. ERA5. Re-forecasts are also used to calibrate ensemble forecasts in the extended and seasonal range. 131, American Earth Sy., 11, Permafrost – A Review, Vadose Zone J., 15, 1–20. Soil Microclimate of Tundra Biskaborn, B. K., Lanckman, J.-P., Lantuit, H., Elger, K., Streletskiy, D. A., Cable, W. L., and Romanovsky, V. E.: The new database of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P), Earth Syst. J. Cao, B., Gruber, S., Zhang, T., Li, L., Peng, X., Wang, K., Zheng, L., Shao, There has also been a marked increase in the number of other satellite observations assimilated, notably GNSS-Radio Occultation bending angles in large quantities from 2006, scatterometer ocean vector wind and altimeter wave height data (both from 1991), and Level-2 ozone products. Lett., 46, 6138–6147, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082781, Especially regions where sea ice has receded over time show an increase in temperature that exceeds the global average trend of 0.18 K per decade many times over. Rouse, W. R.: Microclimate of Arctic Tree Line 2. Stations in a circle have additional air temperature observations; stations marked by a triangle do not. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Hersbach, H. & D. Dee, 2016: ERA5 reanalysis is in production, ECMWF Newsletter No.147, 7. Res.-Atmos., 118, The technique can be applied to ensembles of global climate models to project the potential future regional impacts of wind in a changing climate. environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, J. Geophys. Moreover we present results concerning the use of the multiple members of the ERA5 data to improve the downscaled information. Model. This includes upper-air parameters on 37 pressure levels from 1,000 hPa to 1 hPa, and a large number of near-surface parameters and other two-dimensional fields. Dynam., 12, 21–35. 5923–5946, Brown, J., Ferrians, O., Heginbottom, J., and Melnikov, E.: Circum-Arctic map Sci., 55, 1209–1224. and active layer in Central Asia during the international polar year, All these methods require some information from fully-coupled atmospheric-oceanic-ice global coupled models (GCMs), ranging from ocean, Windstorms are a major source of economic damage in Europe. ERA5 mean evaporation rates data - Why is that negative? This multiplies the data volume, but it means you can use the spread between the ensemble members to get an estimate. TABLE 1 Overview of the characteristics of ERA5 compared to ERA-Interim. varying complexity coupled to the same land surface model: Local-scale While global reanalyses are important drivers for permafrost study, ERA5L soil data are not well suited for directly informing permafrost research decision making due to their warm bias in winter. The Python script for downloading ERA5-Land is developed and provided through an application programming interface (API) request by ECMWF Climate Data Store (CDS) service and is available from the Supplement. C., Subedi, R., and Kokelj, S.: Ground temperature and site characterization Permafrost Extent and Active Layer Thickness in the Northern Hemisphere, Over time the observing system has evolved dramatically. Slater, A. G. and Lawrence, D. M.: Diagnosing Present and Future Permafrost = 0.018 m kg−3. water, energy). Dynam., 12, 21–35, temperatures, J. Atmos. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ERA5: The new champion of wind power modelling? SG proposed the initial idea and contributed to organizing as well as writing the paper. J.  a, b, Walvoord, M. A. and Kurylyk, B. L.: Hydrologic Impacts of Thawing The uncertainty information is obtained from a 10-member ensemble of data assimilations with 3-hourly output at half the horizontal resolution (63 km grid spacing). Jin, H., and Wu, Q.: Spatiotemporal Changes in Active Layer Thickness under Freeze–Thaw Monitoring Network on the Third Pole, B. Production of ERA5 started in early 2016 (Hersbach and Dee, 2016). The models show that for much of Europe the 50 yr return wind is projected to change by less than 2 m s⁻¹, while the uncertainties associated with the statistical estimates are larger than this. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i001p00067, 1984. a, Schuur, E. A. G., McGuire, A. D., Schädel, C., Grosse, G., Harden, J. W., Use MathJax to format equations. feedback is sensitive to deep soil carbon decomposability but not deep soil Forest Meteorol., 281, 899–916, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1249.1, 2010. a, b, c, Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S., Dall'Amico, M., and Rigon, R.: GEOtop 2.0: simulating the combined energy and water balance at and below the land surface accounting for soil freezing, snow cover and terrain effects, Geosci.

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